Development And Marketing New Drugs Essay

The Steps For Development And Marketing New Drugs Essay

Drug development This entire section on drug development highlights concerns which are very particular to the industry. They therefore lead to the implementation of CSR activities which are also very industry specific, although aspects such as animal testing and ethics in research can be shared by other industries such as the cosmetics industry, or the medical device sector for instance. Need for R&D and innovation Today, the need for R&D and innovation is great, maybe greater than ever. In the developed world, access to medicines is becoming a society’s demand and an ever increasing expectation from patients. Development And Marketing New Drugs Essay

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The Business of Developing New DrugsThe Business of Developing New Drugs for Cancer
Larry Cephas
Strayer University
Developing new drugs for cancer and or any other medical purpose is a tedious, complex, expensive process. The process in developing new drugs involves numerous stages of trial and error. According to Mahajan and Gupta (2010) on average it can cost anywhere from US$ 802million to US$ 1billion dollars to successfully develop and market new drugs and, that process can take up to 12years with on average of only 8% of them ever hitting the market. Development And Marketing New Drugs Essay  From the beginning of civilization, people have been concerned regarding the quality and safety of medicines, which I do not fault anyone because, some medicines just do not work …show more content…
The next step is applying for an Investigational New Drug Application (IND). If the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves the IND within thirty days, the IND becomes affective giving pharmaceutical companies the green light to start testing the potential new drugs on humans. Once steps one-four have been accomplished we move to the fifth step which is the clinical trials. Here there are three phases that must take place and be successful. In Phase1 the drug is given to approximately 20-80 healthy volunteers to be studied to see if there is any potential toxicity in the people. Once this process is successful after one year we move on to Phase II. Phase II trials the drug is than given to 100-300 volunteers with the disease so that they can study and determined the drug effectiveness, and Phase II can take up too two years to be completed before moving on to Phase III. After Phase 1 and II are successfully completed Phase III can begin were now 1,000-5,000 volunteers with the disease that are in hospitals and clinics are given the drug. Development And Marketing New Drugs Essay

The Federal Drug Administration (FDA) is the regulatory body that reviews and approves or denies the addition of each new drug submission. The steps for development and marketing new drugs are as follows:

1) Stage 1- Preclinical trials: Discovery and development is the beginning of this phase. Once developed a new drug is tested in vitro or in test tubes and controlled environments outside living organisms or on animals to determine pharmacological activity, therapeutic potential, toxicology, and safety parameters that will become the recommendations for use. The developing company can file an application for investigational new drug (IND) through the FDA if a therapeutic benefit is discovered to be present. If FDA approves the IND application, the developer can proceed to Clinical Investigation. Stage one generally takes between 1-3 years.

2) Stage 2- Clinical Investigation: This stage will have at least 3 clinical trials and could take anywhere from 2-10 years. Pediatric and pregnancy testing are not always done in this timeframe. Development And Marketing New Drugs Essay

a) Clinical Phase I involves testing new compound on relatively small groups of otherwise healthy individuals to determine tolerance, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the drug.

b) Clinical Phase II is focused on testing with patients who have a particular disease process to determine safety and effectiveness in these patients who are generally on other medications and may have additional co-morbidities.

c) Clinical Phase III is designed to test drug efficacy when used in specific applications for a targeted group of patients.

3) Stage 3-Once all phases of clinical trials are completed results are reviewed along with a new drug application (NDA) by the FDA. This process can take anywhere from 2 months to 10 years and the FDA can ask for further information at any point in the process. When it is initially submitted the FDA has 60 days to determine if the NDA meets requirements to be considered for review at all. Development And Marketing New Drugs Essay

4) Stage 4- Post-marketing studies continue monitoring after the drug has hit the market. This is where processes like adverse reaction reporting can play a role in the further use or removal from the market for new drugs. (Woo and Robinson, 2016)

Shingrix is a recombinant, adjuvanted vaccine against the virus that causes shingles and is specifically indicated for the prevention of herpes zoster (shingles) in adults aged 50 years and older. The FDA approval of Shingrix was based on a randomized, placebo-controlled, observer-blind clinical study conducted in 18 countries. The increased effectiveness has not displayed additional side effects other than what is typical with many vaccines. Adverse effects associated with the use of Shingrix may include, but are not limited to, the following: pain, redness or swelling at injection site, myalgia, fatigue, headache, shivering, fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Increased effectiveness for a larger number of patients without additional adverse effects indicates that this is a good drug and approval was appropriate. Development And Marketing New Drugs Essay

Shingrix (Zoster Vaccine Recombinant, Adjuvanted). (n.d.)., Federal Drug Administration, Retrieved January 22, 2018, from http://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100232/shingrix-zoster-vaccine-recombinant-adjuvanted-

Woo, T. M., & Robinson, M. V. (2016). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurse prescribers (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis. The Steps For Development And Marketing New Drugs Essay

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